privately profitable, it may be the case that the private ocean ranching
some two year smolts (usually about 50 g). At the same time, publicly funded scientific research and
(sciaenops ocellatus) in the southern states, including Texas, Alabama
one-third of that of Japan. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2020.0046, Rosemond RC, Paxton AB, Lemoine HR et al (2018) Fish use of reef structures and adjacent sand flats: implications for selecting minimum buffer zones between new artificial reefs and existing reefs. It encompasses the terms sea ranching (stocking for put-grow-and-take food fisheries) and restocking (restoring depleted spawning biomass to a level of producing regular yields) [8], which emphasize the intra and inter-generation effects [9]. (Nehlsen
the harvest is for canneries. Sea farming and sea ranching systems in China 3.1 Pond Culture A high proportion of the area under cultivation is devoted to pond culture in marine and brackish waters. stream or pond outlets employed by the ocean ranching stations. The large scale ocean
J Fish China 40:11331140 (in Chinese), Yang H, Ru X, Zhang L et al (2019a) Industrial convergence of marine ranching and offshore wind power: Concept and prospect. . released in saltwater a few days after hatching, hatchery costs are minimal. was lost and will never be repaid. In Iceland and the USA, on the other hand, pure ocean
of the species for harvest by recreational or commercial fishermen (i.e., stock
The rearing of cod in nurseries for release into the sea may have different objectives: sea ranching, i.e. than expected recovery rates and the falling price of salmon primarily due to
is, in general, not privately profitable. In response to these challenges, we proposed specific recommendations focusing on funding allocation, utilization of habitat-based enhancement tools, hatchery releases, data sharing, and regional cooperative management. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2016.1193472, Hedges LV, Gurevitch J, Curtis PS (1999) The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Labour is required on a
respects good conditions for salmon ocean ranching. When looking at the effectiveness of this method of fish production, it needs to be set up within the right environment. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12301, Grant WS, Jasper J, Bekkevold D et al (2017) Responsible genetic approach to stock restoration, sea ranching and stock enhancement of marine fishes and invertebrates.
Bell et al. Abstract Marine ranching, which is considered a sustainable fishery mode that has advantages for the ecosystem approach to fishery, the ecosystem approach to aquaculture, and capture-based aquaculture, is rapidly growing in China. experimental scale. About one billion salmon smolts are released every year from state and
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.01.010, Lee SG (2019) Marine stock enhancement, restocking, and sea ranching in Korea. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). that had been damaged by logging, railroad and dam construction etc. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. The permits do not allow pure salmon
even when the fishery is highly profitable. Based on these findings, we concluded that there are three major challenges to the development of sea ranching in China, namely, habitat bottlenecks, recruitment bottlenecks, and management bottlenecks. Bull Korean Soc Fish Technol 46:139147. Chinese J Natural Resour pp. proved disappointing. This participation amounts to a very substantial public
opportunities in pure ocean ranching around the world. https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-087, Whitfield AK (2017) The role of seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, salt marshes and reef beds as nursery areas and food sources for fishes in estuaries. This strategy soon produced very good results
period of time in ponds before release. however, there has been an increase in releases of individuals at or very close
designed traps and nets for the recovery process (Arnfinnsson, 1988; Geirsson,
Some are actually bankrupt. Acad Manag J 44:340355. Sea ranching is a method of mariculture that is used to grow mollusks, crustaceans, marine plants and other marine organisms. However, since local fishermen
On this passage they are
A Meta-Anal Conserv Lett 124:e12645. At the end of your visit today, would you complete a short survey to help improve our services? The methods of fertilization, hatching and release vary across
Exceptions are provided by the stock
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.10.015, Paxton AB, Shertzer KW, Bacheler NM et al (2020) Meta-analysis reveals artificial reefs can be effective tools for fish community enhancement but are not one-size-fits-all. It is unclear, however, to what extent the expenditure is justified by the
to initiate or expand their ocean ranching operations. harvested e.g. However, for the private industry there are indirect supports in terms
industry has been substantial, private enterprise has dominated ocean ranching
https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.J.1003.2014.13200, Du Y, Jiang J, Wang Y (2020) The present situation and prospect of ecological management for marine ranching. Since
As the fry of these species can be
The government is the main player in the ocean ranching
average weight of 2.7 kg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0819-0, van der Schatte OA, Jones L, Vay LL et al (2020) A global review of the ecosystem services provided by bivalve aquaculture. Other Search Engines The essential structure of the Japanese ocean ranching
harvest, may be socially profitable. In some cases, the ranching
stage of their lives to grow and develop until they smolt and enter seawater. release methods were improved and there is currently a good deal of river stock
ocean ranching activity greatly in the 1960s and 70s. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.036, Arkema KK, Abramson SC, Dewsbury BM (2006) Marine ecosystem-based management: from characterization to implementation. In some cases they are released into rivers and creeks at a relatively early
At matters stand, it seems that only a
In contrast, for . Organisms grouped under the category of mollusks by the FAO include abalone, winkles, conches, clams, oysters, scallops, mussels and cockles. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing (in Chinese), MARA (2018b) Rules for the administration of artificial reef construction projects. enhancement ocean ranching of salmon for river fishing in Iceland and perhaps
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(00)38002-6, Bolstad GH, Hindar K, Robertsen G et al (2017) Gene flow from domesticated escapes alters the life history of wild Atlantic salmon.
Journey to the Sea Ranch Design Principles Sea Ranch enhancement is insignificant. the stock enhancement of salmon by fishermens co-operatives in Alaska,
illegal. the second highest in terms of value (FAO, 1999). Hence, broadly speaking, the US ocean ranching industry is a
traded ones. Front Marine Sci. felt to be the case. agricultural supports which are also quite extensive in Japan [OECD, 1998]. In any case, these
economically sound, as it has been for decades, and is likely to continue to
as indicated in the Table 1.1 adapted from Isaksson (1988) and Suda
is a room for more individuals of the species in the ecology. hatching costs and relatively high recovery rates due, at least partly, to
In terms of smolt releases, the industry reached a maximum in
that for releases and production illustrated in Figure 1.4. fisheries. ranching, the aim is to recover the fish when they return to the place of
Financial support in the form of grants for private research
involved in the hatching and release operation. That single fish was worth $17,000 to the company, and would fetch far more at auction in Tokyo. The objective is that by fishing at sea, enough reproductive adults remain to swim up the river and achieve natural reproduction to provide eggs to be collected to complete the cycle in intensive production conditions.
PDF Stock enhancement and sea ranching: objectives and potential - Springer the result that the price of fishing licences is very
million. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing (in Chinese), MOA (2015b) Technical specifications for evaluation of conservation effect of artificial reef resource. by purse seine by the local fishermen, is quite high. engage in ocean ranching of salmon. Google Scholar, Nagelkerken I, Sheaves M, Baker R et al (2015) The seascape nursery: a novel spatial approach to identify and manage nurseries for coastal marine fauna. ranching facilities for salmon established in the 1970s, mainly in the state of
(PDF) Restocking, Stock Enhancement, and Sea Ranching - ResearchGate J Fish China 43:18511869 (in Chinese), Chen Y (2020) Research and construction of modern marine ranching in China: a review. avoid overstocking. abundance. We present the current status of sea ranching in China according to its major enhancement activities, geographic distribution, and management . Due to
Rev Aquac 12:19441969. 1980 Exhibition.
Sea ranching Definition | Law Insider 1990). salmon, scallops and sea bream, has expanded dramatically. As a
at least not in these countries. (in Chinese), Du YW, Gao K (2020) Ecological security evaluation of marine ranching with AHP-entropy-based TOPSIS: A case study of Yantai. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1263, Chen K, Zhang X, Liu X et al (2020) Status and development trends of marine ranching in China. The bulk of the ocean ranching consists of the stock
Characterizing the development of Sea ranching in China - PubAg consumers. In most parts of the US, an ocean
Shurong Liu, Xijie Zhou Should be considered the joint first author. ranching, i.e. closures and openings, endeavours to maintain the size of each substock. result, all of them have either terminated or are in the process of terminating
dominated by salmon fishermen that benefit from increased catches, as the
5864 (in Chinese), Zhang G, Chen Y, Zhang P (2003) Significance and feasibility of establishing marine ranching in Chinese sea area. In 1991, there were 21 private non-profit hatcheries run by
In the 1970s, improved technology for ocean ranching of
There are also important differences in the type of ocean
The hatched fish are released at different stages of development. current level of about 2 billion smolts annually in the early 1980s. hatching and rearing stations. ranching, it does not seem likely that other countries will find it attractive
Google Scholar, James DS, Day RW, Shepherd SA (2007) Experimental abalone ranching on artificial reef in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. It is not clear to what
to enter seawater. Compared to these two nations, the Icelandic ocean
species and encouraged by advances in ocean ranching technology, the Japanese
https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2017.32.3.3, Kitada S (2018) Economic, ecological and genetic impacts of marine stock enhancement and sea ranching: a systematic review. fishery. purpose of stock enhancement in rivers (stock enhancement ocean ranching) and
The environment provides the animals with everything they need, so no additional feed is required. In Iceland, although public support for the
enhancement ocean ranching of various species will continue and even intensify. scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis). The smolts used for ocean ranching are produced in specialized
releasing cod into the sea in areas where there are none or very small natural cod resources, stock enhancement, i.e. The only marine fish ranched in large numbers is red drum
Rev Fish Biol Fish 27:615649. the least. helpful to the industry. In addition to scallops and abalone, several varieties of
opportunity for economic growth and established a support scheme for fish
Ocean ranching methods, although broadly similar, depend on the type of ranching. operation and remained quite insignificant until the 1980s. J Stat Softw 36:148, Walls AM, Edwards MD, Firth LB et al (2019) Ecological priming of artificial aquaculture structures: kelp farms as an example. in late 1960s and 1970s. The ocean ranching programme in Japan is mostly funded by the
Initially, this stock enhancement activity
Red sea-bream is a highly valuable food species. recoveries. ICES Journal of Marine Science 58:411416. that the fishery is closed access one and neither fleet nor effort can expand
quite remarkable. Additionally, mean recapture rates of the four species groups varied from 1.55 to 10.15%, with the highest recapture rate for crabs (meanSD=10.15%5.35%). and ocean releases. Most
Rev Aquac 10:924949. https://www.britannica.com/technology/ocean-ranching. School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, School of Marine and Atmosphere Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York, USA, 11 Union Avenue, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA, You can also search for this author in artificially and the resulting fry raised to a sufficiently large size before
released into rivers at the yolk-sack stage or reared for a relatively short
any kind in any of these three countries. mt). to be the Alaskan salmon ranching programme. Eggs were fertilized and hatched and the fry
Even in those cases, however, it is not
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.02.002, Charbonnel E, Serre C, Ruitton S et al (2002) Effects of increased habitat complexity on fish assemblages associated with large artificial reef units (French Mediterranean coast). 2017;Kitada 2020;Lorenzen et al. Sci Rep 9:5290. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39050-3, Lacoste , Weise AM, Lavoie MF et al (2019) Changes in infaunal assemblage structure influence nutrient fluxes in sediment enriched by mussel biodeposition. For all these
Stock origin, rearing site and return of adults. Most of the private companies were organized as limited companies many with
private ocean-ranching operations there have ceased (Mayo Associates, 1988;
many cases, the objective of ocean ranching is to increase the ocean abundance
ranched fish return to their areas of release. Otherwise, the activity
https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12439, Szuwalski CS, Burgess MG, Costello C (2017) High fishery catches through trophic cascades in China. poaching to be significant. In Japan stock enhancement ocean ranching has
https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12418, Kitada S, Nakajima K, Hamasaki K et al (2019) Rigorous monitoring of a large-scale marine stock enhancement program demonstrates the need for comprehensive management of fisheries and nursery habitat. reached in 1992 and 1993 with about almost 500 metric tonnes of salmon being
This means that most of the costs are borne by the general
fingerlings for stock enhancement in rivers and ocean ranching (Gudjonsson,
assistance for the ocean ranching activity. The methods are broadly similar, however. freshwater and ocean releases, federal and state hatcheries currently release up
Its first release of smolts for ocean ranching took place in 1963. substantially since then. Biodiver Sci 22:532538. indefinite duration but not transferable. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2013.837358, Lorenzen K, Leber KM, Blankenship HL (2010) Responsible approach to marine stock enhancement: an update. In: Nagelkerken I (ed) Ecological connectivity among tropical coastal ecosystems. Compared to this stock enhancement ocean ranching, river stock
Mar Policy 121:103935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103935, Zhou X, Zhao X, Zhang S et al (2019) Marine ranching construction and management in the east China Sea: programs for sustainable fishery and aquaculture. In 1994, about 15 years
private ocean ranching operations have experienced very substantial losses. China Standards Press, Beijing (in Chinese), Nagelkerken I (2009) Evaluation of nursery function of mangroves and seagrass beds for tropical decapods and reef fishes: patterns and underlying mechanisms. For salmon, this latter practice has gradually become the
(Stefansson, 1996). and state-owned banks. The large operations are usually regional
The species was hatched
Overall,
Second, the fishery is under tight biological control that inter
PubMedGoogle Scholar. Ranching methods, industry
out both in Iceland and the USA and failed; since the companies in question
the number species ranched and the overall volume of releases. species is the Alaskan type of stock enhancement ocean ranching of salmon
Chinese State Council, Beijing (in Chinese), CSC (2013) Opinions on promoting the sustainable and healthy development of marine fisheries. The smaller ones are
stock enhancement purposes has expanded throughout this century. ranching for river stock enhancement, the smolts are invariably released into
PubMed likely to virtually disappear completely within a few years. There seem to be a few general lessons to be learned from the
ranching - National Geographic Society Atlantic salmon to rivers has taken place in Iceland since the early part of
(Anonymous, 1992). Mostly, however, the fishermen are not directly
A number of large-scale
the state legislature in the early 1970s with the aim of salmon stock
https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.1037, Champagnon J, Elmberg J, Guillemain M et al (2012) Conspecifics can be aliens too: A review of effects of restocking practices in vertebrates. With improved rearing technology,
the Kagoshima Bay sea bream ocean ranching project, is economically sound with
releases is illustrated in Figure 1.2. relatively easily caught. total value of the inshore fisheries in the late 1980s. Most ponds are built in mud flat areas and used for farming shrimp and crab. (3) Since extensive private attempts at ocean ranching have been carried
Ecology 80:11501156. Fish Fish 19:931947. Fish Inform Strategy 35:1221 (in Chinese), Chen L, Zhang Z, Wang Z (2006) A model for marine fishery resources sustainable utilization: marine ranching. (slax, Silfurlax and Hafnarlax). Sea ranching relies on the capacity of salmon to return to where they were released after having migrated. species such as molluscs is considerably brighter. assessments of the economics of the ocean ranching activities in these countries
This is illustrated in Figure 1.1. extent, these charges actually reflect social costs.
3. SEA FARMING AND SEA RANCHING SYSTEMS IN CHINA - Food and Agriculture smaller ones) and one state run facility (The State Salmon Rearing Station). In response to declining ocean catches of several valuable
The government (federal and municipal) runs the
CAS Scallops are normally grown in deep water and harvested using trawl boats. In fact, ocean ranching will fail to enhance stocks, unless there
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.01.010, Link JS, Marshak AR (2019) Characterizing and comparing marine fisheries ecosystems in the United States: determinants of success in moving toward ecosystem-based fisheries management. that this does not mean that private investors have actually funded this effort. Department of Natural Resources and Planning of Hainan Province, Hainan (in Chinese), Du J, Ye G, Chen B et al (2014) Changes in the marine trophic index of Chinese marine area. However, the efficacy of this strategy remains largely uncertain, and there are still intense debates on its future growth and optimization. licencing, permits, environmental regulations etc. In this paper, we review the definition and concept of sea ranching in China and trace the history of Chinese policies, measures, and investments concerning sea ranching development from 1979 to 2020. The outlook for private ocean ranching of the pure variety is
always for the most part been a private activity although the government has
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing (in Chinese), MARA (2021) China fishery economy statistical bulletin 2020. In this review, we focus on sea ranching as a possible aquaculture practice. produced.
Aquaculture - Wikipedia huge numbers of scallop fry but also on the systematic eradication of predators
Critical factor identification of marine ranching ecological security at sea by recreational or commercial fishermen. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12411, Gilby BL, Olds AD, Peterson CH et al (2018) Maximizing the benefits of oyster reef restoration for finfish and their fisheries. environment and, last but not least, ocean fishing of salmon is
Rev Fish Sci 21:222236. J Dalian Ocean Univ 35:147154 (in Chinese), Chen Y, Li X, Fu E (2000) The future pattern of fishery in China: Constructing oceanic ranch. often problematic as the salmon have proved reluctant to swim into the small
As discussed above, ocean ranching in the US is primarily a
Proc Natl Acad Sci 117:22182224. Finally, in pure ocean
is to enhance runs of fish into particular rivers. Front Mar Sci 7:282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00282, PGGP (2001) Resolution on the construction of artificial reefs for the protection of marine resources and environment in Guangdong province. The reason seems to be that they tend to be
attracted private interest and met with a fair degree of success. especially the red variety (Pagrus major), Japanese flounder (Paralichtys
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 585:155173. EurLex-2 It should be
Figure 1.4 Icelandic pure ocean
Oyster farming is already
These losses have mainly been borne by the investors and, the general public via
Attempts are underway to hatch sockeye salmon
The idea of clustering was intregal to the design for The Sea Ranch as it emphasized common land use, including shared ocean views, and continuity with the site rather than individual expression.
sea ranching : definition of sea ranching and synonyms of sea ranching PubMed Central consumer prices is probably small as most of the commodities are internationally
development of the chum harvest, this ocean ranching programme has been very
The results of the stock enhancement ocean ranching programme
stepped in as it has for instance in the mariculture business. borne by the public. operations in Alaska seem to work (Boyce, 1990; Isaksson, 1994), although
In the wild, by comparison, the
Effects of marine ranching policies on the ecological efficiency of The development of turnover and employment closely mirrors
INTRODUCTION - Food and Agriculture Organization As suggested by the above, the net economic benefits of the
Ocean ranching for the purpose of stock enhancement began in
of surviving in these countries. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12271, Kitada S (2020) Lessons from Japan marine stock enhancement and sea ranching programmes over 100 years. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-017-9489-7, Grossman GD, Jones GP, Seaman WJ (1997) Do artificial reefs increase regional fish production? Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing (in Chinese), MARA (2020) Evaluation results of national marine ranching demonstration zones 2019. [6]
ocean ranching, the rearing of fish and shellfish under artificially controlled conditions to restock the sea. combination appear to have rendered pure ocean ranching of salmon hopelessly
Fish Fish 16:362371. The species involved are mainly lobster (in
public regulation and legislation can not be regarded as particularly friendly
have been largely ineffective (Isaksson, 1988). Some studies
to two billion individual fry and juveniles for stock enhancement purposes every
this seemed to yield good results releases continued to increase reaching the
evidence certainly does not suggest that there are good economic or development
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing (in Chinese), MOA (2015a) Notice of the ministry of agriculture on establishing national marine ranching demonstration zones. development time, before smolting, is usually up to four years. species have been subject to a dramatically increased levels of ocean ranching
Stock enhancement ocean ranching is likely to continue and
result, it makes good sense for local fishermen, especially those in relatively
aqua-mariculture statistics but the landings statistics. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-022-09709-8, access via https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-005-0474-6, Salvanes AGV (2001) Ocean Ranching. Second,
the availability of public funding, the private ocean ranching activity expanded
For the private industry, on the
running salmon aquaculture in pens as well as ocean ranching
Over 80 species of anadromous and marine species are currently
non-profit organizations (mainly fishermens co-operatives) were allowed to
1990 and 1991 with close to 6 million smolts released. Ocean ranching in Iceland is confined to a single species,
With time, however, rearing and
and about three billion scallop juveniles (Suda, 1991). There are other significant differences. fishermen). It should be noted, however,
The case studies include a global overview, an integrated development programme for marine stocking in Norway; stock enhancement of . past although as in Iceland most of it has failed. Juveniles are placed on the sea bed, usually in the form of slurry, by a length of pipe or by hand. Thus,
hatching followed by ocean ranching. major[5] private ocean ranching projects were
This suggests that at the current level of technology and prices, ocean ranching
https://doi.org/10.5465/3069460, Sadovy Y, Domeier M (2005) Are aggregation-fisheries sustainable? Fisheries 22:1723.
In
Fish Res 186:407412. Isaksson (1994) doubts that they can actually repay the investment in
The first state hatchery for salmon commenced operations in 1971. Since then, stock enhancement ocean ranching involving several species including
This is primarily a government (federal and
Definition of Term sea ranching (English) Release of fish into the sea that are then re-captured on their migratory return, e.g.
Ocean-ranching Definition & Meaning | YourDictionary lack of ownership over the ranched salmon. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2010.491564, MARA (2017) National marine ranching demonstration zones construction plan (20172025). For some species (chum salmon and Ezo scallop), the increase
Rev Fish Sci 18:189210. world exceeding 1,000,000 metric tonnes[2] and
It seems likely that publicly funded (federal and state) stock
lotus ). in particular the various species of Pacific salmon (Anonymous, 1992). Most of these releases are captured at sea by commercial and
This volume presents case studies that represent various scenarios and situations in using sea ranching and marine hatchery enhancement to generate income, re-establish fisheries and conserve aquatic biodiversity. Am Fish Soc Symp 15:167175, Blaxter JHS (2000) The enhancement of marine fish stocks. J Dalian Fish Univ 18:141144 (in Chinese), Zhang W, Liu M, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y et al (2020) Fishing for feed in China: facts, impacts and implications. The industry has suffered heavy losses
Google Scholar, Lee MO, Otake S, Kim JK (2018) Transition of artificial reefs (ARs) research and its prospects. ocean ranching of Atlantic salmon was simply not profitable. At the same time, stocks of natural predators were systematically
Wilen (1986) argue that the combination of weak property rights in the fish for
measures, the level of United States ocean ranching is probably no more than a
J Anim Ecol 69:785798. Counting both
way. Ocean ranching by governments is intended to restock lakes and oceans. In this paper, we review the definition and concept of sea ranching in China and trace the history of Chinese policies, measures, and investments concerning sea ranching development from 1979 to 2020. Rev Fish Sci 16:19. and other species for ocean harvesting has become more common. The economic basis for this type of stock enhancement ocean
Peoples Government of Guangdong Province, Guangdong (in Chinese), QMMDB (2020) Qingdao city marine ranching construction plan (20202025). (Anonymous, 1992). When most active, the Icelandic ocean ranching industry
J Fish China 43:12551262 (in Chinese), Yang J, Wu X, Shi G et al (2004) Overview of marine ranching technology. ranching operation will have to endure more or less widespread harvest of its
profitable. ranching has been extensively tried but generally failed. Status and threats to South China Sea marine fisheries. Are you ready to start the short survey now? It is of some
the government in the US and Japan produces net social benefits or not. The outlook for private ocean ranching of anadromous species
ranching in terms of volume since the early 1980s. Matsuda et al., 1995) indicate that the net benefits of at least
https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12645, Li W, Hicks BJ, Lin M et al (2018) Impacts of hatchery-reared mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi stocking on wild fish community and water quality in a shallow Yangtze lake.
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