mantra for hyperactive child

Wasdell M, ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) is a condition that is now very common in children. Physicalbased meditation was used in Jensen 2004 and Haffner 2006. However, any single meditation program will usually use both concentrative and mindfulness together. Ollerton M, The Mindfulnessbased Stress Reduction Program (KabatZinn 1992) has subsequently been researched in ADHD adults and adolescents (Zylowska 2008). The intervention program ranged from four weeks (Kratter 1983; MorettiAltuna 1987), to eight weeks (Haffner 2006) to 20 weeks (Jensen 2004). Only one of the four included studies reported the method of randomization which was the use of drawing lots (Haffner 2006). But some studies show that a small percentage of children with ADHD may be sensitive to some of these additives. the effect of the quality criteria (determine the effect of studies with high risk of bias on the overall effect); and. For included studies which used an intentiontotreat analysis by filling in or imputation of data for missing cases (such as last observation carried forward method or assumed no changes), we will contact authors for available data. 8 A Word From Mantra Care Defining ADHD Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that characterizes by problems with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Cochrane Complementary and Alternative Medicine field; Complementary Medicine Resources for Health Professionals and Researchers; Complementary and Alternative Medicine Specialist Library in the National Library for Health (supported by the NHS); and. at home and at school). Two studies used mantra meditation while the other two used yoga compared with drugs, relaxation training, nonspecific exercises and standard treatment control. For crossover designs, we extracted all data but, because of the strong carryover effect of meditation, we used only data from the first phase of study in our analyses. Psychometric and neuropsychological measures were used to assess . A person with ADHD may experience difficulty completing tasks, focus on unimportant details, and have problems with self-control. The salient features are full awareness or mindfulness of any contents of consciousness with equanimity. are surrogate outcomes which are less important. She shares her best advice for raising them to be happy, successful . The other three studies just mentioned randomization without giving any details in their methods. Associacion de Medicinas Complementarias (AMC), the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), Sat Bir Sinah Khalas). Theodore LA. It's the first, original vibration, representing the birth, death and re-birth process. Meditation practices for health: state of the research, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. which will help them use up their energies and calm their minds. Follow up length (shortterm, intermediate, longterm). Children who are hyperactive may run, jump, and climb more than their peers. Physicalbased meditation (Hatha yoga, moving meditation) focuses on behavioral control. Skewed data for this comparison are shown in Table 7. If you have a hyperactive child, managing them can be challenging and stressful at times. There were five outcomes which are considered to be the primary outcomes in this review. The quality of evidence was "very low" according to the GRADE classification for 'Teacher rating ADHD overall scale' (see Summary of findings table 1). The reason why the child left the study was adequately described and it would not have had a clinically relevant impact on the observed effect size. The adverse effects of meditation have not been reported. excessive running and climbing, not remaining seated) are less common, and hyperactivity symptoms may be confined to fidgeting or an inner feeling of jitteriness or restlessness. On occasions they were damaged, stopped recording data, or failed to be activated at set times. Randomized controlled trials that investigated the efficacy of meditation therapy in children or adults diagnosed with ADHD. Mindfulness meditation (comprising Vipassana, Zen Buddhist meditation, Mindfulnessbased Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulnessbased Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)). The reasons for missing data were clarified by the study authors and were described in the Notes sections of the 'Characteristics of included studies' table. NP: quality assessment. Fisher P, official website and that any information you provide is encrypted We consulted the authors of the included studies and experts in the fields to find out whether they knew of any published or unpublished RCTs/ CCTs of meditation therapy and ADHD, which have not yet been identified. We contacted authors either by email or telephone call to obtain any missing data. We therefore did not conduct assessment of heterogeneity. Massion AO, But a main cause is ADHD, a common condition that results from differences in how the brain develops. The site is secure. After a period of practice the patient should develop a sustainable attentive observational capability, without reacting to their own thoughts and emotions. Psychostimulant medications are considered firstline therapy as they are effective in 70% to 80% of children with ADHD, although their use may be limited both by tolerability and acceptability (AAP 2001). The study is downgraded from RCT to only a beforeafter design when the study authors pooled all data together. Behavior assessment system for children (BASC). Meditation therapy could be a beneficial treatment for those diagnosed with ADHD. Further studies have followed Kratter's trial but many of these have used a beforeafter design which has several methodological limitations. Research. In adolescence, signs of excessive gross motor activity (e.g. The essential criteria for a diagnosis of ADHD are a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivityimpulsivity that is more frequently displayed and more severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development, and is not better explained by the presence of another mental disorder. Danforth JS, This review aims to address that evidence gap. The monitoring of meditation practice at home in addition to the therapy sessions is a crucial element of adherence. Even during phase one (before crossing over) participants in both intervention arms might have some expectations of the treatment effects of the next intervention. 'Meditation helps kids with ADHD' (Helen 2004)) and meditation has gained acceptability in many primary and junior school in England (Eliaz 2008). Fouts H, Newcorn JH. One study was carried out in Sydney, Australia (Jensen 2004) and the other in Heidelburg, Germany (Haffner 2006). The endpoint scores were selected for use in analysis. KT and WC independently screened the titles and abstracts obtained by the search strategies against the eligibility criteria stated above. However, no trials reported blinding of the raters/assessors. Quantitative laboratory assessment measures of ADHD symptoms, psychological testing etc. One child might have good self-control at age 4 while it takes another until age 6. . 1. other psychological treatment: cognitive behavioral therapy, parent training program, counseling etc. Hatha yoga versus nonspecific physical exercise (skewed data), Hatha yoga versus nonspecific exercise for ADHD (phase 2: after crossing over) (Haffner 2006), DAT = Dortmund Attention Test FBBHKS = Fremdbeurteilungsbogen fr hyperkinetische Strungen (FBBHKS): a rating scale for parents, teachers and educators. Conners' Abbreviated Parent Questionnaire (continuous outcome) assessed by the parents at baseline, at the end of 4 weeks, at 8 weeks and at 12 weeks, Associate Professor Thawatchai Krisanaprakornkit. In the International Classification of Diseases (ICD10) (WHO 1992) the disorders are defined under the category of 'Hyperkinetic Disorders' and are characterized by early onset, a combination of overactive, poorly modulated behavior with marked inattention and lack of persistent task involvement, pervasiveness across situations and persistence over time (WHO 1992). ADHD = attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. The authors concluded that meditation showed some benefit and warrants further study for both children and adults. Five broad categories of meditation practice were identified by a group of experts using modified Delphi methodology: mantra meditation (comprising the Transcendental Meditation technique (TM), Relaxation Response (RR) and Clinically Standardized Meditation (CSM)), mindfulness meditation (comprising Vipassana, Zen Buddhist meditation, Mindfulnessbased Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulnessbased Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)), yoga, Tai Chi and Qi Gong (Ospina 2007)). A Google search results in more than 1,170,000 hits for "meditation AND ADHD". The inclusion of dissertations may mean more balanced results as they are less likely to overestimate treatment effects, as can occur in published trials (McLeod 2004). These studies were excluded from the review (Harrison 2004; Hassasiri 2002; Zylowska 2008). Recap. If the available data cannot be managed by the above methods, we will present the data in 'other data' tables and use a narrative approach to synthesis. These techniques were adapted from the wellknown concentrative meditation developed by Benson 1975 and Carrington 1975, which has some roots in the Hindu religion. Comment: the intervention cannot be blinded. Take a few deep, slow breaths. Whilst concentrative meditation emphasizes sustained attention, mindfulness meditation aims to improve selfcontrol and inhibitions to various internal and external stimuli, thereby helping to relieve the core symptoms of ADHD. Children's Aggression Scale Parent Version (, Children's Aggression Scale Teacher Version (, Swanson Kotkin Atkins MFlynn Pelham Scale (SKAMP) (, Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) (, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for ChildrenIII (, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) (, The Peabody Individual Achievement Test (, The Diagnostic Inventory for Depression (, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) (, The Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory (, Parenting Scale for Parents of Children with ADHD (, Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents (SAICA) (, Adult AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder QualityofLife Scale (AAQoL) (, Clinical Global Impression score changes (, Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) (. Thailand Research Fund, Senior Research Scholar, Thailand. In MorettiAltuna 1987 there was no mention of the number of enrolled participants at the beginning of the trial. In Transcendental Meditation, it is recommended that children of five years old meditate twice a day for five minutes at a time and thereafter add one minute for each year of their age until reaching 20minute sessions when aged 20 and above. If the mean was smaller than twice the standard deviation the data were probably skewed (Altman 1996). Jensen PS, Ulaszek WR, The first randomized controlled trial using meditation for ADHD was the study of Kratter 1983, which took place 25 years ago. Tjosvold L, We also excluded one duplicate report (Kratter 1982). Horton NL, Guinta D, There are many methods which represent meditation in the above definitions, i.e. MorettiAltuna 1987 used a multidisciplinary intake committee to confirm the diagnosis. Davey Smith G, Say: "Hey, let's clean the classroom together!". We assessed risk of bias in the included studies using The Cochrane Collaboration's tool, which is based on multiple domain evaluation (Higgins 2008). In these cases, we will contact the authors of studies will be contacted to obtain intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of their clustered data and adjust by using accepted methods after consulting the Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group. Attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that affects a significant number of children and adults in a variety of ways. The trainers should be skilled or be experts in the meditation methods used. Arnold 2001 was a narrative review on alternative treatment for adults with ADHD. The study author was contacted and completeness of outcome reporting was confirmed. The authors reported that 23 boys participated in the trial and used this number in the final analysis. Peterson LG, The sense of internal control and classroom behavior were not improved in any treatment group. Sources of heterogeneity (clinical heterogeneity) can be divided in to two groups: clinical data and type of meditation. Four studies, including 83 participants, are included in this review. The quality of evidence was "very low" according to the GRADE classification for 'Teacher rating ADHD overall scale' (see Summary of findings table 2). Different types of outcome (dichotomous, continuous, survival data). Parker JDA, Haffner 2006 and Jensen 2004 compared yoga versus cooperative games/activities. Conners' Parent (CPRSR:L) Teacher (CTRSR:L) Rating Scales Revised: Long (. Editorial Group: Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Steinberg K, Swanson J, There were two studies which compared Hatha yoga and nonspecific physical exercise for ADHD (Haffner 2006; Jensen 2004). The details of each program are described below. More trials are needed. Ospina MB, We therefore rate the quality of evidence for each outcome separately. To eliminate the carryover effect in Haffner 2006 only the data from the first phase of trial were extracted and put into the comparison for metaanalysis. Dichotomous outcomes were not presented in any of the included studies. Featured Articles Courses Areas of Concern Behaving Communicating Daily Living Feeling Focusing Learning Moving and Sensing Organizing Remembering Socializing Understanding All Resources Cancel The adverse effects of meditation in children with ADHD are unknown. Other ingredients of treatment: group activities, prayer, recreational activities, etc. Preliminary bibliographic searching has not identified many studies using meditation therapy for ADHD. Halperin JM, We will use a fixedeffect model for all analyses if there is no statistical heterogeneity. The effects of interventions are compared in a pairwise manner as follows. We will carry out a test for homogeneity and calculate the I2statistic, which provides an estimate of the percentage of variability due to heterogeneity, using Review Manager 5.0 (RevMan 2008). The results are presented in tables, figures and narrative form. In addition to increased attention, meditation may produce a state of calmness and contentment which is generally lacking in the ADHD population (Jensen 2004). A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Hyperactive children want and need to move around. Weyandt LL, Help your child to organize his living and playing space. Professor Dr. Pisake Lumbiganon for initiating and supporting this review. Parker JD, There was no mention of blinding. Imai J, Schneider M, Karkhaneh M, In Jensen 2004 there were significant differences between the control and yoga groups' pretest subscale scores on almost all Conners' Rating Scales for both parents and teachers. The techniques of mindfulness meditation, with their emphasis on developing detached observation and awareness of the contents of consciousness, may represent a powerful cognitive behavioral coping strategy for transforming the ways in which we respond to life events (Astin 1997). Mindbased meditation did not yield any significantly different effects compared to drugs and standard therapy controls. The imputation of appropriate effect will be done by using the 'design effect' to calculate effective sample size. The primary features of ADHD include inattention and hyperactive-impulsive behavior.ADHD symptoms start before age 12, and in some children, they're noticeable as early as 3 years of age.ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe, and they may continue into adulthood.. ADHD occurs more often in males than in females, and behaviors can be different in boys and girls. However, there are several ways to manage the behavior of such kids. Data will be more complete if trials can follow up outcomes for six months to 12 months afterwards. Quote: "boys who were randomly allocated to the control group in the first allocation". Moreover, Kratter 1983 and MorettiAltuna 1987 were dissertations which should guarantee the completeness of reporting. What is a hyperactive child? Banga A, Probably not done. Where clustering has been incorporated into the analysis of primary studies, we will also present these data as if from a nonclustered randomized study. Yoga (various yogic meditative techniques). Breathwork. Peck HL, The Nordic Cochrane Centre. The analysis was done by calculating the endpoint scores after four weeks of treatment. From the published report, the authors used ANOVA to analyze the treatment effects. Two authors independently extracted data using a predesigned data collection form, which was saved electronically. Meditation therapy research protocols need to be rigorous in design and delivery, and use standardized meditation therapy programs which can be replicated by other researchers. The study provided both endpoint scores with standard deviations (SD) and change scores with SD for each outcome after four weeks of treatment. This issue has also appeared in the news (e.g. To our knowledge no systematic review has been carried out specifically considering the effectiveness of meditation for ADHD, although several clinical trials have been conducted. We therefore summarized quality for each comparison as follows. Most of the means differences had wide confidence intervals reflecting the small sample size, differences in baseline characteristics of study samples and different treatment effects in individuals. Jensen 2004 reported the number of boys who began the trial (n = 16) but only data for 14 boys were used in analysis. The endpoint score with standard deviation will be considered first in analysis if both endpoint score and change score are available. In the study by Jensen 2004, the authors did not provide the data from truly randomized participants. Was the study apparently free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias? The included studies were carried out in the USA, Germany and Australia. Thus, the operational definitions of meditation are the specific techniques of mind training which have two fundamental attentional strategies (Barrows 2002). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition affecting children worldwide. Each study measured many outcomes. This might be affected the results of each studies. and transmitted securely. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. We excluded studies where meditation therapy was not a wellorganized program (i.e. To ensure the appropriateness of metaanalysis, the following standards will be applied to all data before inclusion. It is generally found in young age kids and it can even last up to their adulthood. See also the 'Risk of bias' graph (Figure 1) and 'Risk of bias' summary (Figure 2). This form of meditation is commonly represented by mindfulnessbased stress reduction programs (KabatZinn 1992). Two studies used mantra meditation, which is mindbased. The review authors' judgments involved answering these questions for each entry, i.e. Psychiatric problems precipitated by transcendental meditation, Summing Up: The Science of Reviewing Research, Complementary medicine in palliative care and cancer symptom management. We analyzed data using mean difference (MD) to calculate the treatment effect. Design limitations caused high risk of bias across the studies. Using a crossover design in a trial of an intervention which needs practicing by the participants means it is difficult to discard the carryover effect during phase two of the trial. To assess the effects of concentrative and mindfulness meditation therapies for treating attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults. Only participants in the drug therapy group received medication. . This unequal cointervention could have substantial effects. It is noted that Asana yoga (yoga of posture) and Tai Chi are also considered to be dynamic aspects of concentrative meditation. These impairments, in turn, can have a profound impact on individuals, families, schools and society (NIH 1998). We searched the following complementary and alternative medicine specific databases to January 2010: We also searched the following sources to January 2010: The search strategies for these databases are shown in the appendices two to seven (see Appendices). The CISCOM database of The Research Council for Complementary Medicine was closed, therefore we searched other complementary and alternative medicine databases, i.e. In addition, we found that five outcomes had skewed data (see Table 6). We will use a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of effects of assumptions by examining the influence of the following on the results of the statistical analyses: ("meditation"[mh] OR meditation[tw] OR "mindfulnessbased"[tw] OR vipassana[tw] OR Zen[tw] OR yoga[tw] OR yogic[tw] OR pranayama[tw] OR Sudarshan[tw] OR Qigong[tw] OR Qigong [tw] OR "Chi kung "[tw] OR Kundalini[tw] OR ChunDoSunBup[tw] OR Reiki[tw] OR Tai Chi[tw]) AND ( "Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity" [mh] OR "attention deficit/hyperactivity"[tw] OR attention def* [tw] OR ADHD [tw] OR ADD [tw] OR ADDH [tw] OR ADHS [tw] OR hyperactiv*[tw] OR hyperkin*[tw] OR "brain dysfunction"[tw]) AND (randomised controlled trial [pt] OR controlled clinical trial [pt] OR randomised controlled trials[mh] OR random allocation [mh] OR doubleblind method [mh] OR singleblind method [mh] OR clinical trial [pt] OR clinical trials [mh] OR "clinical trial" [tw] OR singl* [tw] OR doubl* [tw] OR trebl* [tw] OR tripl* [tw] OR mask* [tw] OR blind* [tw] OR placebos [mh] OR placebo* [tw] OR random* [tw] OR research design [mh:noexp] OR comparative study [mh] OR evaluation studies [mh] OR followup studies [mh] OR prospective studies [mh] OR control* [tw] OR prospectiv* [tw] OR volunteer* [tw]) NOT (animals [mh] NOT human [mh]). The major symptoms are inconsistent development and chronic levels of inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity (Scahill 2000). The frequency of visits varied from one session per week (Jensen 2004) to three sessions per week (Haffner 2006; Kratter 1983; MorettiAltuna 1987). To determine selective outcome reporting we planned to compare the study with its protocol, which might be registered in trial registries, however no included studies were registered in any trial registries. ", Quote: "there were significant differences between the control and yoga groups on pretest subscale scores on almost all Conners Rating Scales for both parents and teachers. Ambrosini P, It is said that just chanting OM, 3 times, can lower the heart rate, make you 20% more calm within just a few seconds. attention test, distractibility test). Iwasaka H, Reports of adverse effects of meditation in children are lacking. Use your breath as a tool to anchor into this moment. Channelizing energy: Find ways to vent out their energy and soothe their minds. In a Cochrane Review the quality of evidence reflects the extent to which we are confident that an estimate of the effect is correct. Sullivan K, Some outcomes were considered to be important, while others were surrogate outcomes (e.g. None of the four included studies appeared in trial registries and therefore we were not able to obtain protocols for these studies. Prevalence estimates vary according to the diagnostic criteria used and the population sampled. Hyperactivity is often accompanied by a mess, and getting rid of it is an important organizational skill. Futrell JL, It is characterized by chronic levels of inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity. Epstein JN. The four included studies in this review fell into the categories of mantra meditation and yoga by this classification. The medicated participants were distributed evenly between treatment groups using a modified randomization method. Operational definitions of meditation are mentioned in the background section. (b) Intensity and frequency of practice: duration of meditation per treatment session, frequency of practice, duration of practice. Meditation. Kratter 1983 reported that 24 boys participated the study but did not mention the attrition of participants at the end of the study. Encourage your students to be responsible for cleaning the classroom. Mindfulness. Meditation therapy versus drug therapy for attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder, 1 Unclear randomization method, unclear allocation concealment, no blinding, unclear attrition rate, other biases presented 2 Wide confidence interval, small sample size 3 Only one study( since 1987) presented for this outcome 4 Study MorettiAltuna, 1987, meditation therapy versus standard treatment without drug for attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder, 1 Unclear randomization, unclear allocation concealment, no blinding, unclear attrition rate, other biases presented 2 Wide confidence interval, small sample size 3 Only one study(since 1987) present for this outcome 4 Study MorettiAltuna, 1987. Comparison conditions could be one or a combination of the following: Incidence/severity of the core symptoms (inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity) measured by a validated symptoms rating scale ; Standardized measures, including these intelligence scales. Michelson D. ADHD Rating Scale IV: psychometric properties from a multinational study as a clinicianadministered instrument, International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, The Diagnostic Inventory for Depression: a selfreport scale to diagnose DSMIV major depressive disorder, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Search methods for identification of studies, Assessment of risk of bias in included studies, The mean teacher rating adhd overall scale in the control groups was, The mean Teacher rating ADHD overall scale in the intervention groups was, Conners' Parent Rating Scales Revised: Long (, Conners' Teacher Rating Scale Revised: Long (, Test of Variables of Attention (TOV) (Greenburg 1991) (Figure 8), 20 grade school age children (13 boys and 7 girls) diagnosed with ADHD (Diagnostic System for Psychic Disorders in childhood and adolescence according to ICD10 and DSMIV (DISYPSKJ)), Intervention 1: bodyoriented yoga exercise program, 1. randomization by clinician or treatment settings), unless the cluster effect was accounted for, analysis and pooling of clustered data will result in unit of analysis error and overestimate statistical significance. If the studies provide another statistic other than means and standard deviations (e.g. Combination of different techniques of meditation (physical and mental practice, such as yoga). Meditation can be divided into two general types: concentrative meditation and mindfulness meditation (Barrows 2002). Grosswald (reported in Micucci 2005) conducted a study in April 2004 at Chelsea School in Silver Spring, Maryland, a private school for children with learning disabilities. Notice the presence of this moment. We will reveal the skewed data in additional tables. South India's first devotional . Undoubtedly, children are what they see and learn. The data are shown in Table 5. However, there was no control/comparison group in this study. Are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting? All outcomes, Quote: "one 9yearold boy left the study because of a change of residence during the 21st week". We searched the electronic databases from their inception without language restrictions. We then assessed the risk of bias for an outcome across studies using the GRADE system. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, It is a neurological condition that affects children as well as adults . No studies gave details of adverse effects, but this is an important outcome to be considered in every study, especially in trials in children. Yoga as an intervention for children with attention problems. Symptoms. Mantra meditation (comprising the Transcendental Meditation technique (TM), Relaxation Response (RR) and Clinically Standardized Meditation (CSM)). Haffner 2006 and Jensen 2004 used Hatha yoga, which is more physicalbased. Mindbased meditation emphasizes the cognitive process which focuses on the use of selective deployment of attention: the participants learned to focus and refocus their attention (Kratter 1983). Boys are diagnosed with ADHD three times more often than girls. One study (MorettiAltuna 1987) compared mantra meditation and drug therapy for ADHD. Bias in metaanalysis detected by a simple, graphical test, Transcendental meditation, altered reality testing, and behavioural change: a case report, Test of Variables of Attention: clinical guide, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan: the child, adolescent, and adult, Development, reliability, and validity of the children's aggression scaleparent version. For crossover studies, to exclude the potential additive effect in the second or further stages of these trials, we will only use data from the first stage in analysis.
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